Cell+Respiration

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**__Respiration__**
//by Kayla O’Brien//

=**Chapter 9. Objectives 2, 6, 7, 8**=

Related activities
Lab 5 Ch 9 outline: Cell Respiration Cellular Respiration Quiz + Timed Essay Cell Respiration Summary Cell Respiration Notes + PowerPoint Diagrams

Vocabulary
>Cellular Respiration - the most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway for the production of ATP, in which oxygen is consumed as a reaction along with organic food >Aerobic respiration - respiration requiring oxygen >Anaerobic respiration - respiration lacking oxygen >Energy-Investment Phase - a step in glycolysis requiring ATP and gets glucose ready to split >Energy Payoff Phase - second step in glycolysis that produces ATP and NADH >Chemiosmosis - the production of ATP using the energy of hydrogen-ion gradients across membranes to phosphorylate ADP >Pyruvate - a three carbon molecule of pyruvic acid >Oxidation - the loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction >Reduction - the gaining of electrons by a substance involved in a redox reaction >Electron Carriers - NADH and FADH2 >Glucose - a monosaccharide sugar that has several forms >Cytosol - surrounds the organelles; the aqueous part of the cytoplasm within which various particles and organelles are suspended >Mitochondria - a structure in the cytoplasm of all cells; has an inner and outer membrane. The inner membrane has many twists and folds (called cristae), which increase the surface area and encloses the DNA, RNA, small ribosomes, and solutes. >Matrix - the nonliving component of connective tissue, consisting of a web of fibers

Important Content
RESPIRATION PURPOSE: CREATE ATP Review Pages: 147-166 in the Biology Textbook Respiration Consists of Glycolysis, Pyruvate Oxidation, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain, and Oxidative Phosphorylation


 * Glycolysis**

- Glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2(NAD+) -> 2ATP + 2NADH + 2Pyruvate - Breaks down glucose into two pyruvate molecules - 10 steps; all occur in cytosol - Two Major Phases: 1. Energy-Investment Phase 2. Energy Payoff Phase - Total ATP produced = 2 - [|Glycolysis Animation]




 * Pyruvate Oxidation**

- 2x( pyruvate) -> Acetyl-CoA + CO2 ; NAD+ Þ NADH - Pyruvate (3 carbon) enters mitochondria, where it is oxidized to make Acetyl-CoA (2 carbon) - Other carbon released as CO2 - NAD+ reduced to NADH


 * Krebs Cycle**

- AcetylCoA -> CO2 + 4 NADH + FADH2 + ATP - One AcetylCoA from last stage combines with oxaloacetate to produce citrate - Gain of 2 ATP, 8 NADH, & 2 FADH2 - Energy stored in electron carriers - CO2 is exhaled - Takes place in matrix - [|Krebs Cycle aka Citric Acid Cycle Animation]




 * Electron Transport Chain**

- Consists of a series of transport proteins embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria; mitochondria has a highly folded membrane - NADH & FADH2 pass electrons to the ETC, and are oxidized to produce H ions - ions travel from matrix to inner membrane space - Final electron acceptor = O2 - Waste product = water - ATP total = 34 - [|Electron Transport Chain Animation]




 * Oxidative Phosphorylation**

- Takes place also in the inner mitochondrial membrane - ATP synthase is permeable to H ions - high concentration to low concentration - ADP -> ATP