Study+Guide+ch16,+17,+20

=Study Guide= //Chapters 16, 17, 20//
 * Test on Friday, January 12**

__What to Know?__
Ch. 16 Objectives: 1-6 Ch. 17 Objectives: 1, 2, 4-7 Ch. 20 Objectives: 1, 5, 8, 9

__Student summaries__
Directions: Here's where you get to review materials (helping yourself) and publish information to help out your classmates. Write a brief summary of a topic listed below, adding links where necessary/appropriate. You can write in paragraphs or put a bulleted list of main ideas/ vocabulary. If I forgot something, add it. Oh, and here's another opportunity to add to your wikispace assignment. Ready, go.

> - Mendel: modes of heredity in pea plants > - Morgan: genes located on chromosomes > - Griffith: bacterial work; transformation: change in genotype and phenotype due to assimilation of external substance (DNA) by a cell > - Avery: transformation agent was DNA > > - Hershey and Chase > √ bacteriophages (phages) > √ DNA, not protein, is the hereditary material > √ Expt: sulfur(S) is in protein, phosphorus (P) is in DNA; only P was found in host cell. > > > Chargaff Ratio of nucleotide bases (A=T; C=G) > Watson & Crick (Wilkins, Franklin) > The Double Helix √ nucleotides: nitrogenous base (thymine, adenine, cytosine, guanine); sugar deoxyribose; phosphate group > Griffith Experiment
 * 16**
 * Focus questions:**
 * What experiments led scientists to uncover the secrets to the genetic material?
 * What is the structure and function of DNA?
 * How does DNA copy itself and what enzymes are involved?
 * Experiment testing the injection of smooth and rough streptococcus pneumonia bacteria into mice.
 * 4 mice tested
 * Experiment A: smooth bacteria; mouse dies as a result
 * Experiment B: rough bacteria; mouse stays healthy
 * Experiment C: smooth bacteria killed with heat; mouse stays healthy
 * Experiment D: smooth and rough bacteria killed with heat; mouse dies as a result
 * Bacteria was then taken from the dead mouse in experiment D to conclude that the molecules form the dead smooth cells had genetically transformed some of the living rough to smooth bacteria.

Hershey and Chase Experiment Base-pairing rules Model of DNA structure DNA Replication is semi-conservative Process of DNA Replication Gel electrophoresis lab

One gene/ one protein Genetic Code in RNA - Thymine is replaced by Uracil codon is a sequence of 3 different amino acids that codes for one amino acid AUG =Translation initiates with the start codon: AUG= =When the stop codons, UAA, UAG, UGA appear, it signals the end of translation.= =Transcription --Stages--= RNA Modifications Translation
 * 17**
 * Focus Questions:**
 * What are the relationships between DNA, RNA, genes, proteins and traits?
 * What is the genetic code and how is it passed from DNA to protein?
 * How do transcription and translation proceed?
 * What happens when there is a change in the genetic code?
 * 4 nucleic acids
 * 20 amino acids
 * 1) Initiation
 * 2) Elongation
 * 3) Termination
 * tRNA translates mRNA code by transferring amino acids within cytoplasm to ribosome
 * wobble
 * A-holds tRNA carrying on deck amino acid
 * P-holds tRNA carrying polypeptide
 * E-tRNA exits ribosome
 * same stages as transcription

Mutations


 * changes in the genetic material
 * silent, missense, nonsense
 * 20**
 * Focus Questions:**
 * What are the major types of technological innovations used to copy and study DNA?
 * How are these technologies used in medicine, forensics and agriculture?
 * What ethical issues arise as these technologies become more advanced?

__**Links**__

 * [|Nobelprize.org]: This site provides nice, illustrated summaries of DNA, transcription, and protein synthesis.
 * [|DNA Replication]: Interactive animation that reviews the process and the enzymes involved.
 * [|Transcription: the Movie]: Watch a short animation that takes you through the process of transcription.
 * [|Technology Tutorials]: Quick, narrated animations demonstrate DNA technologies such as looking at RFLPs, electrophoresis, PCR and gene cloning.