Plants

=__Plant chapters Study Guide__=

//Ch 35 ( 3, 4, 6, 7, 8)//
 * Plant structure and growth**

[| Monocots vs. dicots] Structure of roots, stems, leaves and flowers

//Cell types//
 * 1) Parenchyma: least specialized cells
 * 2) Collenchyma: scaffolding and support for young, growing plant parts
 * 3) Sclerenchyma: thick, rigid, supportive cells that cannot elongate at maturity

//Tissue systems// __dermal tissue__: (epidermis): covers and protects plant __ground tissue__: photosynthesis, storage, support; fills the space between dermal and vascular tissues __vascular tissue__: function in transport and support
 * __xylem__: nonliving vascular system that carries water and minerals from roots to rest of plant
 * tracheids
 * vessel elements
 * __phloem__: a living vascular system that transports sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the plant
 * sieve-tube members
 * companion cells

Growth
 * annual v. perennial v. biennial
 * meristem: tissue that can continue to divide and differentiate throughout life span (like stem cells in people)
 * apical meristems, lateral meristems
 * Primary root growth
 * zone of cell division, zone of elongation, zone of maturation
 * tissues: stele, pith, cortex, endodermis
 * Primary shoot growth
 * stems: vascular bundles surrounded b y ground tissue
 * leaves: stomata, guard cells, mesophyll


 * Review Flower Reproduction Lab: be able to label the parts of a flower and know their functions (Ch 38).**

//Ch 36 (3, 7, 9, 11, 13)// Review Plant Transport on [|BiologyMad]
 * Plant Transport**

__Water Potential__ : Prediction of direction of water flow; helps sap transport __Transpiration__: evaporative loss of water through plant leaves
 * Obj 3-**

Root Hairs, [|Mycorrhizae] In a Large Surface Area of Cortical Cells 1. Large surface area for increase absorption 2. water and minerals in thru epidermis of roots 3. Mycorrhizae: plant gets increased water and minerals, fungus gets food
 * Obj 7-**

Sap travel against gravity: 1. Root Pressure: the upward push of sap up the xylem (not significant in tall plants); 2. Transpirational Pull: Happens at night when transpiration is low or zero. Stomata (openings) allow water to exit which pulls sap or water up to the xylem because of adhesion and cohesion
 * Obj 9-**

Phloem Transport - Sugar Source to Sugar Sink; Sugar sinks are near sugar sources Sugar Source: Leaves; Spring: Food Storage Organs Sugar Sink: Anything growing; Summer: Food Storage Organs
 * Obj 13-**


 * Review AP Lab 9 about Transpiration and be prepared to answer essay question given to you in class.**

//Ch 39 (1, 2, 5, 8)//

Plant hormones
 * 1) Auxin
 * cell elongation
 * travels via polar transport
 * 1) Cytokinins
 * stimulate cytokinesis
 * works together with auxin to control bud development
 * 1) Gibberelins
 * stem elongation, fruit growth, germination

Tropisms Photoperiodism